The general presumption is that fiscal contraction — cutting spending or raising taxes, or both — will immediately slow the economy relative to the growth it would have had otherwise. (Of course, some lawmakers and candidates call for cutting spending and cutting taxes, too. This would not lower the deficit, and, most likely, in the short term it would also lower growth, because the spending cuts will be more contractionary than the tax cuts are expansionary, in part for the reasons discussed below.)
But some studies have found that in particular instances, fiscal contractions — meaning deficit-reduction measures — have been consistent with no deceleration of economic growth. The International Monetary Fund produced the most balanced recent assessment of the available evidence in Chapter 3 of its October 2010 World Economic Outlook, “Will It Hurt? Macroeconomic Effects of Fiscal Consolidation.” (I was chief economist at the I.M.F. but left in August 2008 and had nothing to do with this study.)
via economix.blogs.nytimes.com